In the world of Chinese fashion, qipao and cheongsam are terms often used synonymously, but they possess distinct characteristics that set them apart.
Historical Origins: The qipao has its roots in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, initially designed as a unisex garment for the Manchu Eight Banners. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, it evolved in 1920s - 1930s Shanghai, influenced by Western styles, becoming more form-fitting and shorter. In contrast, cheongsam, derived from the Cantonese term for “long shirt,” originally referred to loose-fitting robes worn in southern China, especially in Hong Kong. Under colonial influence, it adapted with a more relaxed silhouette.
Cultural Significance: The qipao is deeply ingrained in Chinese national identity. It represents elegance and is often seen in Chinese cinema and at state events, worn by leaders’ spouses. It symbolizes China’s historical heritage and modern grace. The cheongsam, particularly in Hong Kong, has a more commercial and adaptable image. It is commonly worn during festivals and as a trendy option that combines tradition with contemporary fashion.
Stylistic Features: Qipaos are characterized by a high mandarin collar, ornate frog buttons, and a figure-hugging cut that accentuates the female form. They typically feature elaborate silk brocades, delicate embroidery, or hand-painted motifs. Cheongsams, while sharing the mandarin collar, have a looser fit and more variations in design, such as different sleeve lengths and hemlines. They blend traditional Chinese elements with Western tailoring techniques.
Abroad, the term “cheongsam” is more commonly used to refer to both styles. However, those familiar with Chinese fashion recognize the unique qualities of each, highlighting the rich diversity within Chinese sartorial heritage.